Thursday, May 14, 2009

Cushioning


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Package cushioning is used to help protect fragile items during shipment. It is not uncommon for a transport package to be dropped, kicked, and impacted: These events may produce potentially damaging shocks. Transportation vibration from conveyors, trucks, railroads, or aircraft can also damage some items. Shock and vibration are controlled by cushioning so that the chance of product damage is greatly reduced.

Cushioning is usually inside a shipping container such as a corrugated box. It is designed to deform or crush to help keep levels of shock and vibration below levels that which may damage the product inside the box. Depending on the specific situation, package cushioning can often be between two and three inches thick.

Internal packaging materials (sometimes the same ones used for cushioning) are also used for functions other than cushioning. Some are used just to immobilize the products in the box and to block them in place. Others are just used to fill a void and do not have a cushioning function.



Molded expanded polystyrene (Styrofoam) cushioning

Contents

1 Design factors

2 Common Types of Cushioning

3 Design for Shock Protection

4 Design for Vibration Protection

5 Evaluation of Finished Package

6 See also

7 ASTM Standards

8 Notes

9 Further reading

10 External links


//


Design factors

When designing packaging, the choice of cushioning may depend on many factors:

effective protection of product from shock and vibration

whether cushioning is resilient (performs for multiple impacts)

resistance to creep cushion deformation under static load

material costs

labor costs, productivity

effects of temperature , humidity, and air pressure on cushioning

cleanliness of cushioning (dust, insects, etc)

effect on size of external shipping container

environmental and recycling issues

sensitivity of product to static electricity.

etc

Common Types of Cushioning

Loose Fill - Some cushion products are flowable and are packed loosely around the items in the box. The box is closed to tighten the pack. This includes expanded polystyrene foam pieces (Foam peanuts), similar pieces made of starch based foams, and common Popcorn.

Paper - Paper can be manually or mechanically wadded up and used as a cushioning material. Heavier grades of paper provide more weight bearing ability than old newspapers. Creped cellulose wadding is also available.

Corrugated fiberboard pads - Multi-layer or cut-and-folded shapes of corrugated board can be used as cushions. These structures are designed to crush and deform under shock stress and provide some degree of cushioning. Honeycomb paper structures are also used for cushioning.

Foam structures - Several types of polymeric foams are used for cushioning. The most common are: Expanded Polystyrene (also Styrofoam), polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyurethane. These can be molded engineered shapes or sheets which are cut and glued into cushion structures.

Foam-in-place is another method of using polyurethane foams. These fill the box, fully encapsulating the product to immobilize it. It is also used to form engineered structures.

Inflated Products - Bubble Wrap consists of sheets of plastic film with enclosed ubbles of air. These sheets can be layered or wrapped around items to be shipped. Engineered inflated structures are also available. Note that inflated air pillows used for void-fill are not suited for cushioning.

Molded pulp -



Molded pulp cushioning

Pulp can be molded into shapes suitable for cushioning and for immobilizing products in a package. Molded pulp is made from recycled newspapers and is recyclable.

Other - Several other types of cushioning are available including suspension cushions, thermoformed end caps, and shock mounts.

Design for Shock Protection

Proper performance of cushioning is dependent on its proper design and use. It is often best to use a trained packaging engineer, reputable vendor, consultant, or independent laboratory. An engineer needs to know the severity of shock (drop height, etc) to protect against. This can be based on an existing specification, published industry standards and publications, field studies, etc.

Knowledge of the product to be packaged is critical. Field experience may indicate the types of damage previously experienced. Laboratory analysis can help quantify the fragility of the item, often reported in g-s. Engineering judgment can also be an excellent starting point. Sometimes a product can be made more rugged or can be supported to make it less susceptible to breakage.

The amount of shock transmitted by a particular cushioning material is largely dependent on the thickness of the cushion, the drop height, and the load bearing area of...(and so on)
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United We Stand (fanzine)


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United We Stand is a Manchester United fanzine which first appeared on the streets of Manchester in the autumn of 1989. It was started by 15-year-old fan Andy Mitten, great-nephew of the former Manchester United winger Charlie Mitten. The first issue sold 100 copies, but it developed to become one of the best selling football fanzines in Great Britain.

The fanzine is produced ten times a year during the football season. It features interviews with players or Manchester United supporting personalities and counts the The Daily Telegraph journalist Jim White as a monthly columnist. Mitten is perhaps better known as a football journalist and author, although he still edits the publication and writes in each issue.

United We Stand opposed the takeover of Manchester United in 2005 by American businessman Malcolm Glazer.

A variety of opinions are afforded space in the publication, although it has always supported the sentiments of IMUSA and MUST. United We Stand often works with the two other Manchester United fanzine Red Issue and Red News to support these groups.

Content

The fanzine's content and tone is markedly different to Red Issue and Red News. Topics covered include football, music, fashion and other forms of popular culture. Editorial policy is generally less critical of the club than the other major United fanzines, but UWS represents a broad cross-section of views on issues affecting the club, team and supporters.

The fanzine is complemented by a web site, UWSonline, hosted by the Rivals network. Launched in 2000, the web site's forum is a virtual meeting place for many contributors to the fanzine.

UWSonline regulars meet regularly at the Stoat & Helmet public house on Swan Street, Manchester.

As at 2008, United We Stand costs ?2 per copy and contains approximately 44 pages.

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Motor-generator


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Radio station motor-generator set, converting from low to the high voltage power supply. This device is also called umformer. Dendorf Museum of Military Aviation

A motor-generator (an M-G set or a dynamotor for dynamo-motor) is a device for converting electrical power to another form. In some contexts, the other form is mechanical energy; in other contexts, it is a different form of electricity. The two senses refer to different types of equipment.

The M-G set is used to convert frequency, voltage, and phase of power. They may also be used to provide complete line isolation in addition to the various types of power conversion and control. Large motor-generators were widely used to convert industrial amounts of power while smaller motor-generators (such as the one shown in the picture) were used to convert battery power to higher DC voltages.

By comparison, simple, low-powered consumer electronics devices like vacuum tube car radios did not use motor-generators. Instead, they would typically use an inverter circuit consisting of a vibrator (a self-exciting relay) and a transformer to produce the B+ voltages required for the vacuum tubes.

A motor-generator is physically different from a normal electric motor attached to a separate generator, in that both rotor coils of the motor and the generator are wound around a single rotor, and both coils share the same outer field coils or magnets. Typically the motor coils are driven from a commutator on one end of the shaft, when the generator coils output to another commutator on the other end of the shaft. The entire rotor and shaft assembly is only slightly larger in size than in a normal electric motor, and may not have any exposed drive shafts.

Contents

1 Conversion to/from mechanical energy

2 Electrical power handling

3 Conversions

4 Motor-generators used to increase Ride-Through

5 The motor-generator today

6 See also


//


Conversion to/from mechanical energy

In the context of hybrid vehicles and other lightweight power systems, a motor-generator is used to describe a single power transducer that can be used as either an electric motor or a generator, converting between electrical power and mechanical power. In principle, any electrical generator can also serve as an electric motor, or vice versa. A device that is specifically designed for use in either mode may be called a "motor-generator"; the literature distributed by Toyota to describe the Hybrid Synergy Drive is an example of this newer usage.

Electrical power handling

In the context of electric power generation and large fixed electrical power systems, a motor-generator consists of an electric motor mechanically coupled to an electric generator (or alternator). The motor runs on the electrical input current while the generator creates the electrical output current, with power flowing between the two machines as a mechanical torque; this provides electrical isolation and some buffering of the power between the two electrical systems. One use of this type of motor-generator is to eliminate spikes and variations in "dirty power" or to provide phase matching between different electrical system; another is to buffer extreme loads on the power system. For example, tokamak fusion devices impose very large peak loads, but relatively low average loads, on the electrical grid. The DIII-D and Princeton Large Torus (PLT) tokamaks used a large flywheel on multiple motor-generator rigs to level the load imposed on the electrical system: the motor side slowly accelerated a large flywheel to store energy, which was consumed rapidly during a fusion experiment as the generator side acted as a brake on the flywheel. Similarly, the next generation U.S. Navy aircraft carrier Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) will use a flywheel motor-generator rig to supply power instantaneously for aircraft launches at greater than the ship's installed generator capacity.

Conversions

Motor-generators may be used for various conversions including:

Alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)

DC to AC

DC at one voltage to DC at another voltage

AC at one frequency to AC at another harmonically-related frequency

Motor-generators used to increase Ride-Through

Motor-generators have even been used where the input and output currents are essentially the same. In this case, the mechanical inertia of the M-G set is used to filter out transients in the input power. The resulting output power can be (electrically) very clean (noise free) and will be able to ride-through brief blackouts and switching transients on the input power. This may enable, for example, the flawless cut-over from mains power to AC power provided by a diesel generator set.

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Kurt Frederick Ludwig


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Kurt Frederick Ludwig

Kurt Frederick Ludwig (1903-?) was a German spy and the head of the "Joe K" spy ring in the United States in 1940-41.

The ring was known as Joe K because it was the signature used in letters sent to Berlin addresses giving information on Allied shipping in New York Harbor. Ludwig also used the code name Fouzie and at least 50 to 60 other aliases, both male and female.

Contents

1 Early life and career

2 Setting up the ring

3 The search for the spy ring

4 An accident in Times Square

5 Investigation

6 Surveillance

7 Associates

8 Flight and capture

9 Trial and conviction

10 External links


//


Early life and career

Born in Fremont, Ohio, Ludwig was taken to Germany as a child, and there he grew up and married. He visited the United States several times in the 1920s and 1930s. He was arrested in Austria for espionage in February 1938 just prior to the Anschluss after police had noticed that he had been photographing bridges in the border between Germany and Austria; however, his case was delayed and when time came to act upon his case, the Nazis had taken over Austria the following month. Ludwig then returned to Germany and stayed there until March 1940, when he was ordered to return to the United States to establish a spy ring there.

Setting up the ring

Upon arrival Ludwig went to a boarding house located in Ridgewood, Queens. He set himself up as a leather-goods salesman and proceeded to recruit agents and couriers from various German-American Bund groups in the New York/Brooklyn area in preparation for his espionage activity: he recruited six men and two women for this purpose, several of whom had little practical experience in espionage. One of the two women was Lucy Boehmler, a pretty 18-year old high school graduate from Maspeth, Queens, who joined up because she thought it might be fun.

Money used to fund his operations were paid through the German Consulate in New York.

Ludwig made a practice of visiting docks in New York Harbor and along the New Jersey coast where, from his observations, he could report information to Germany on the identities of the ships and their cargoes. He also visited various U.S. Army posts, and reported on the identities of the individual units of each, as well as their organization and equipment which he felt would be of interest to his superiors. By December, Ludwig had also included information regarding aircraft manufacturing and performance based on his surveillance of aircraft plants in the Long Island area (notably Grumman, to which he assigned the codename "Grace").

Information that the ring had gleaned were sent to Germany, as well as to accommodation addresses in neutral Spain and Portugal through letters containing messages written in invisible ink. Letters of the highest priority were bound for Heinrich Himmler, who was assigned the alias "Manuel Alonzo"; Reinhard Heydrich, the head of the RSHA was "Lothar Frederick". Other recipients were assigned similar codenames.

The search for the spy ring

Authorities in both the U.S. and the United Kingdom were by that time aware that a spy ring was operating out of New York City. The first break came when British Imperial Censorship in Bermuda, run by the British Security Coordination (BSC) actually a cover for the Secret Intelligence Service intercepted a letter written to "Lothar Frederick" and signed by a "Joe K". As it was known that "Lothar" was an alias used by Heydrich, a watch was set for any letter with the Joe K signature. Subsequent letters from Joe K were intercepted, their contents read and recorded, and the envelopes so carefully resealed that their recipients would not detect any evidence of tampering.

Joe K had shown up as the signature on many letters sent to accommodation addresses. In March 1941 BSC chemists detected secret writing in a Joe K letter; the secret message referred to a duplicate letter sent to "Smith" in China. The BSC mail-intercept operation was run in coordination with the FBI even though J. Edgar Hoover, the Director of the FBI, and William Stephenson, the head of the BSC, did not get along. The FBI was able to trace the Smith letter and found that it contained a plan of U.S. defenses in Pearl Harbor.

Despite this break, they were still in the dark as to who were involved in the spy ring, until an unexpected event took place that led eventually to its unravelling and downfall.

An accident in Times Square

On the night of March 18, 1941, two men were reportedly arguing about the proper way to cross an intersection in a busy section of Times Square in New York when one of them, a middle-aged man wearing horn-rimmed spectacles and carrying a brown briefcase, foolishly made the attempt to cross the street against a traffic light.

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Slacker (music service)


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The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (March 2009)

Slacker





URL

http://www.slacker.com/

Commercial?

Yes

Type of site

Internet radio

Registration

Optional (Limited Plays), Free

Available language(s)

English Only

Owner

Slacker, Inc.

Launched

March 15, 2007

Slacker is a US only interactive Internet radio service. It allows users to create their own customized music stations starting with either Slacker's presets or a list of one or more artists. Slacker offers many traditional genre, specialty, and artist stations pre-programmed by professional DJs while also letting users build entire stations of specific artists. Slacker users can continue to evolve any of these stations by rating favorite songs and banning artists or songs. Stations can also be fine tuned to play older or newer music, more hits or more eclectic music. In January 2008, Slacker reported that the service had over 2 million songs, organized into over 100 professionally programmed stations, 10,000 artist stations, and an unlimited number of personally created stations .

Users can also create their own customizable radio stations and share them with anyone. The Slacker radio service is available to all Flash-enabled web browsers, and is also available in a downloadable application for computers running Windows XP SP2 or higher .

Slacker offers the experience "to go" with a portable device, the Slacker Portable Player The Player refreshes users' customized Slacker channels over available Wi-Fi connections (WEP and WPA wireless security supported) and stores those stations in the device library so that users do not need to be connected to WiFi to listen to Slacker .

Contents

1 History

2 Web Player Features

2.1 Stations

2.2 Customizing Stations

2.3 Ban and Favorite

3 Subscription Users

4 Software Player

5 Slacker Portable Radio Player

5.1 Slacker G2 Personal Radio Player

5.2 Devicescape Connect

5.3 Slacker G1 Personal Radio Player

5.4 Features

6 MySpace Widget

7 Third-Party Last.fm Audioscrobbler Hacks

8 Similar services

9 References

10 Recent Articles

11 External links


//


History

Slacker was founded in 2004.

March 15, 2007 - Slacker, Inc. is launched. The company is headed by Dennis Mudd, CEO. Mr. Mudd is the former CEO of MusicMatch, which was purchased by Yahoo Music and is now known as LAUNCHcast. Other notable executives include the president Jim Cady, former CEO of Rio, and vice president of marketing Jonathan Sasse, former president of iriver America.

September 20, 2007 - Slacker finalizes its deals with 4 Major labels; SONY BMG MUSIC ENTERTAINMENT, EMI, Universal, and Warner. Slacker also announced deals with thousands of Indie labels including Beggars Group, Matador Records, IRIS, Ubiquity and Sanctuary Group as well as indie aggregators IODA, IRIS, and The Orchard, which gives listeners access to millions of songs.

November 15, 2007 - Slacker begins taking pre-orders for their portable music players, to be shipped January 31, 2008 . The first generation players are available in 3 capacities: 15 stations (2GB), 25 stations (4GB), and 40 stations (8GB). The portable players can be updated from a computer via USB or WiFi.

January 9, 2008 - Slacker receives Laptop Magazine's Best of CES Portable Audio/Video Player Award for the not yet released Slacker Portable Player. .

January 31, 2008 - The Slacker Portable Radio Player begins shipping.

April 2, 2008 - Slacker announces its partnership with Devicescape, allowing Slacker to integrate Devicescape Connect into its Portable Players.

April 8, 2008 - Slacker announces agreements with top music publishers, including EMI Music Publishing, Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Universal Music Publishing Group and Warner/Chappell Music. The agreements, signed before the Slacker Portable Player launched, allow Portable Player users to listen to cached Internet radio stations and allow premium radio users to save songs for later playback.

September 16, 2008 - Slacker announces the availability of the Slacker G2 Personal Radio Player, the next generation of the world only completely portable Personal Radio player.

November 19, 2008 Sony introduced Slacker Personal Radio as the latest Sony? BRAVIA? Internet Video Link content provider. Slacker library of CD-quality music across all genres and eras ensures that music lovers can enjoy radio stations on their BRAVIA HDTV ranging from music of the golden-era classics to today hottest hits. By simply linking their BRAVIA Internet Video Link to your online Slacker account, users can easily enjoy their own...(and so on)
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Spinner (wheel)


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Spinner

A spinner is a type of hubcap that spins independently inside of a wheel itself when the vehicle is in motion, and continues to spin once the vehicle has come to a stop. Being an attachment to the car's wheel, spinners operate by using one or more roller bearings to isolate the spinner from the wheel, allowing it to turn while the wheel is at rest. The spinner's own momentum helps it overcome what little friction is transmitted through the bearing. When the car is in motion, the small amount of friction transmitted through the bearing sets the spinner in motion. Spinners are popular within the hip-hop community of the United States.

Contents

1 Invention

2 Introduction to market

3 Popularity

4 Historical

5 See also

6 References

7 External links


//


Invention

In October 1992, a United States wheel spinner patent was filed by American inventor James (J.D.) Gragg who conceived and invented the original free-spinning spinner in the late 1980s. The American Tru-Spinners Wheel Enhancer spinner patent (United States Patent #5,290,094) was issued on March 1, 1994, making it the first free-spinning wheel spinner patent of its kind with foreign patents to follow, Patent(#187,015) issued in October 1997. James (J.D.) Gragg from Tulsa, OK has over 80 inventions and his creative thinking has been considered so far utside the box that his concepts from the 1980 took till the New Millennium to be fully appreciated as can be seen by the phenomena his free-spinning wheel enhancers have created. He is known to be the leader in the field of the "Spinning Wheel Technology" with documented spin tests that stayed in motion for over 18 minutes as recorded by ABC/ESPN cameramen and also has versions with multiple-spinners that have 27 different spinning mode capabilities. The Tru-Spinner was so popular worldwide that the illegal pirating was on a massive scale and considered to be THE largest case of patent infringement in legal history. As of June 2007, American Tru-Spinners concluded and settled the first in a series of litigation against the first 12 of several illegal spinner pirating manufacturers, importers and retailers. The outcome within the United States Federal Courts of the Southern District of California were that the American Tru-Spinners patents were indeed valid and therefore validated and enforced by the Federal Courts and the plaintiffs, American Tru-Spinners, prevailed in an unprecedented 100% of its legal actions. American Tru-Spinners won Federal Summary Judgments against all 12 of the defendants for Patent Infringement and Permanent Injunctions were also issued against all the defendants. The awarded settlement amounts memorialized in suit are not to be disclosed and remain strictly confidential by Stipulation of Court Order mandated by the U.S. Federal Courts of the Southern District of California.

In 2003, Davin Wheels was issued a U.S. patent #6,554,370 for a non-adaptable spinning wheel only version called the continuous motion wheel. The invention of the spinner is generally attributed to David Fowlkes Jr., who graduated from Rufus King High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin before moving on to the Minneapolis College of Art and Design when he was 17. With a sketch and a prototype Fowlkes created the first spinner for a design project in 1990. The prototype then remained stored until 1998 when Fowlkes was working at Reebok and met his future business partners, Hank Seemore and Ian Hardman. Together the three formed Davin Wheels with a $250,000 loan from the Rhode Island Economic Development Corp.[citation needed]

In the 1995 film Batman Forever, the wheels on the Batmobile used a counter-rotating gear assembly to keep the bat-emblem hubcaps upright when the wheels were in motion.

Introduction to market

American Tru-Spinners originally introduced its patented free-spinning wheel spinner in 1994, but back then Tru-Spinners were only on an exclusive selected group of "Custom and Concept Cars", this is when Tru-Spinners were first viewed by the public and others saw the concept and then proceeded to pirate the technology. Over 1 million U.S. Patents later, Davin Wheels introduced a non-adaptable wheel only version at the Los Angeles Auto Show. When Davin Wheels was unable to obtain a booth at the Auto Show, they were invited to join another vendor at the show, NBA star Latrell Sprewell's Sprewell Racing. Coincidentally, Sprewell is a Milwaukee native. For this reason, spinners are sometimes also called "Sprewells", although Sprewell has stated that he was not the inventor of Sprewells.

The Rolls-Royce Phantom has anti-spinners the "RR" logo in the center of the hub is mounted on a spinner with an offset weight designed to ensure that the logo is always the right way up when the car is parked. This is one means of the 27 functions that Tru-Spinners had embodied within it...(and so on)
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Aster CT-80


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The very first "kit" version of the Aster CT-80 running Newdos/80. Note that the 64x16 TRS-80 mode screen uses only a small part of the monitor screen, because the letters are the same size as the 80x25 CP/M screen, this was one of the things that was soon after fixed with the redesign to a commercial product

The Aster CT-80, an early home/personal computer developed by the small Dutch company MCP (later renamed to Aster Computers), was sold in its first incarnation as a kit for hobbyists. Later it was sold ready to use. It consisted of several Eurocard PCB's and a backplane. It was the first commercially available Dutch personal/home computer. . The Aster computer could use the software written for the popular Tandy TRS-80 computer while fixing many of the problems of that computer, but it could also run CP/M software, with a big amount of free memory and a full 80x25 display, and it could be used as a Videotext terminal.

Contents

1 Models

2 Working modes

3 Sales

4 The company

5 Unreleased add ons

6 External links

7 Notes


//


Models

Three models were sold. The first model looked like the later IBM PC (which came on the market years later), a rectangular base unit with two floppy drives on the front, and a monitor on top with a separate detachable keyboard. The second incarnation was a much smaller unit the width of two 5 1/4" floppy drives stacked on top of each other, and the third incarnation looked like a flattened Apple ][ with a built-in keyboard.

All units ran much faster than the original TRS-80, at 4 MHz, (with a software selectable throttle to the original speed for compatibility purposes) and the display supported upper and lower case, hardware snow suppression (video ram bus arbitration logic), and an improved character font set. The floppy disk interface supported dual density, and disk capacities up to 800 KB, more than four times the capacity of the original TRS-80. A special version of NewDos/80, (an improved TRS-DOS compatible Disk operating system) was used to support these disk capacities when using the TRS-80 compatibility mode.

For the educational market a version of the first model was produced with a new plastic enclosure (the First Asters had an all-metal enclosure) that also had an opening on the top in which a cassette recorder could be placed. This model was used in a cluster with one Aster (with disk drives) for the teacher, and eight disk less versions for the pupils. The pupils could download software from the teachers computer through a network based on a fast serial connection, as well as sending back their work to the teachers computer. There was also hardware in place through which the teacher could see the display of each pupils screen on his own monitor.

Working modes

The Aster used 64KB of RAM memory and had the unique feature of supporting two fundamentally different internal architectures: when turned on without a boot floppy or with a TRS-DOS floppy, the Aster would be fully TRS-80 compatible, with 48KB or RAM. When the boot loader detected a CP/M floppy, the Aster would reconfigure its internal memory architecture on the fly to optimally support CP/M with 60 KB free RAM for programs and an 80 x 25 display. This dual-architecture capability only existed on one other TRS-80 clone, the LOBO Max-80.

With a special configuration tool, the CT-80 could reconfigure its floppy drivers to read and write the floppies of about 80 other CP/M systems.

A third mode was entered with a special boot floppy which turned the Aster into a Videotex terminal with a 40x25 display and a Videotex character set, The software used the built in RS232 interface of the Aster to control a modem through which it could contact a Prestel service provider.

Sales

Most Aster CT-80's (about 10 thousand of them) were sold to schools for computer education, in a project first known as the "honderd scholen project" (one hundred schools project), but which later involved many more than just one hundred schools. MCP received this order from the Dutch government because their computer met all the technical and other demands, including the demand that the computers should be of Dutch origin and should be built in the Netherlands. Another important demand was that the computers could be used in a network (Aster developed special software and hardware for that). Later however the Government turned around and gave 50% of the order to Philips and their P2000 homecomputer even though the P2000 did not meet all the technical demands, was made in Austria and did not have network hard nor software.

The company

Aster computers was based in the small town of Arkel near the town of Gorinchem. Initially Aster computer b.v. was called MCP (Music print Computer Product), because it was specialized in producing computer assisted printing of sheet music. The director...(and so on)
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High altitude cooking


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High altitude cooking is the opposite of pressure cooking in that the boiling point of water will be lower at higher altitudes due to the decreased air pressure. This lower temperature results in a lowered boiling point of water and may require an increase in cooking times or temperature and alterations of recipe ingredients. For home cooking, this effect becomes relevant at altitudes above approximately 2000 feet (600 meters). At that altitude, water boils at approximately 208oF (98oC) and adjustments sometimes need to be made to compensate for the reduced air pressure/water boiling point.

Contents

1 Boiling

2 Baking

3 Methods used at high altitudes

4 Boiling point of pure water at elevated altitudes

5 See also

6 External links


//


Boiling

This method of cooking at high altitude can be compensated for by increasing cooking times.

Baking

Breads and cakes will usually require additional adjustments such as increased dry ingredients and higher oven temperature at elevations above approximately 3500 feet (1000 meters).

Methods used at high altitudes

From pressure cooking: A pressure cooker is often used by mountain climbers to compensate for the low atmospheric pressure at a very high altitude. Under these circumstances water boils at temperatures significantly below 100 and without the use of a pressure cooker, may leave boiled foods undercooked, as described in Charles Darwin's Voyage of the Beagle:

At the place where we slept water necessarily boiled, from the diminished pressure of the atmosphere, at a lower temperature than it does in a less lofty country; the case being the converse of that of a Papin's digester. Hence the potatoes, after remaining for some hours in the boiling water, were nearly as hard as ever. The pot was left on the fire all night, and next morning it was boiled again, but yet the potatoes were not cooked. I found out this, by overhearing my two companions discussing the cause, they had come to the simple conclusion, "that the cursed pot [which was a new one] did not choose to boil potatoes."

Boiling point of pure water at elevated altitudes

Based on the standard sea-level atmospheric pressure of 101.3 kPa:

Altitude, m

Boiling point of water,

0

100

300

99.1

600

98.1

1000

96.8

2000

93.3

4000

87.3

6000

81.3

8000

75.5

With the addition of salt and other dissolved substances, the boiling temperature will increase.

See also

Cooking

Pressure cooking

Baking

External links

Boiling point of water vs altitude

High altitude cooking tips

Cooking at high altitudes

This food-and-drink-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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Wednesday, May 13, 2009

Norges Televisjon


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(Redirected from Norges televisjon)

Norges Televisjon AS

Type

Joint venture

Founded

15 February 2002

Headquarters

Lysaker, Norway

Area served

Norway

Key people

Svein R. Aarvik (CEO)

Industry

Broadcasting

Owner(s)

Norwegian Broadcasting CorporationTV 2Telenor

Website

www.ntv.no

Norges Televisjon AS, or NTV, is the company that holds the concession to operate the digital terrestrial television (DTT) network in Norway. The infrastructure is owned by the Telenor-subsidiary Norkring, while the content is provided by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) and RiksTV. The company is owned in equal shares by NRK, TV 2 and Telenor. The same companies also own RiksTV, that offers a range of pay television channels.

NTV was established in 2002, and received a 15-year concession in 2006. DTT was introduced gradually starting in 2007, and by the end of 2008, full coverage had been reached. In 2008, the analog shutdown started, which will be completed by the end of 2009. The main network will provide digital TV-signals to 95 percent of the Norwegian population, including any areas in a satellite television shadow.

Contents

1 History

2 Content

2.1 Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation

2.2 RiksTV

3 Coverage

4 Milestones of Norwegian Digital Television

5 References


//


History

Norkring, a Telenor subsidiary that also owns the analog television network, started trial sending of DTT in 1999, based on DVB-T and MPEG-2 technology. Norsk Televisjon was founded by NRK and TV 2 on 15 February 2002. Telenor became a partner on 16 September 2005. The concession was awarded by the Norwegian Ministry of Culture on 2 July 2006, with a duration of 15 years.

The company was established to finance the DTT network in Norway. With a needed investment of NOK 1.5 billion, it was planned that this could be financed by private investors by allowing them to use most of the capacity to distribute pay TV, through the company RiksTV. The physical installations are owned by Norkring, and broadcasting is done with DVB-T standard using MPEG-4 encoding.[citation needed]

DTT was introduced gradually starting in 2007, and by the end of 2008, full coverage had been reached. In 2008, the analog shutdown started, after a 612 months period of parallel operation in each region, which will be completed by the end of 2009. From the beginning, all channels available in the analog network are also available unencrypted in the digital network, including the NRK channels, TV 2 and local television. From 2010, TV 2 will become a pay channel, and all non-NRK channels will only be available via a subscription from RiksTV.

Content

Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation

Main article: Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation

Three television channels and thirteen radio channels are available unencrypted. These are financed through television licence. The television channels are NRK1, NRK2 and NRK3/NRK Super (these send on the same channel at different times). The radio channels are NRK P1, NRK P2, NRK P3, NRK mP3, NRK Super, NRK Sport, NRK Alltid Nyheter, NRK Si Radio, NRK Gull, NRK Jazz, NRK Folkemusikk, NRK Klassisk and NRK Stortinget.[citation needed]

RiksTV

Main article: RiksTV

The first channels were announced on 12 June 2007 were: TV 2, TVNorge, TV 3, TV 2 Zebra, Discovery Channel, Disney Channel, The Voice TV, SportN, TV 2 Filmkanalen, TV 2 Nyhetskanalen, Viasat 4, TVNorge2 (was named FEM the next day), Canal+ Sport 1 and Canal+ Film 1. The radio channels P4, Kanal 24 and Radio 1 were also included.

On 4 July, it was announced that Animal Planet, Canal+ Film 2, the National Geographic Channel, TV 2 Sport and local television would launch later on. It was however announced in July that BBC World would become a part of the RiksTV package and that Animal Planet, Canal+ Film 2 and National Geographic would be a part of the package from the start, thanks to new compression technology.

Coverage

Government regulations states that the first multiplex must cover at least 95% of the population. Coverage is defined as sufficient field strength at a permanent residence with a directional outdoor antenna placed up to 10 meters above the ground. Persons permanently living in residential areas located in defined satellite shadow shall also have access to the programs in this multiplex. The second multiplex must be rolled-out in parallel with the first multiplex and also offer 95% population coverage. However, it does not need to cover the satellite shadow areas.

A supplementary network consisting of 400800 antennas will be established to cover about 12,000 households, that are unable to receive TV-signals either from satellite, cable or broadband distributions.

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Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness


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Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

IUCN Category Ib (Wilderness Area)

Location

Minnesota, USA

Coordinates

4749?0?N 9112?0?W? / ?47.81667 91.2? / 47.81667; -91.2Coordinates: 4749?0?N 9112?0?W? / ?47.81667 91.2? / 47.81667; -91.2

Area

1,090,000 acres (4,410 km2)

Established

1964

Governing body

U.S. Forest Service

The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW or BWCA), is a 1.09 million acre (4,410 km2) wilderness area within the Superior National Forest in northern Minnesota (USA) under the administration of the U.S. Forest Service. The BWCAW is renowned as a destination for both canoeing and fishing on its many lakes and is the most visited wilderness in the United States.

Contents

1 Geography

2 Natural history

2.1 Geology

2.2 Forest ecology

2.3 Fauna

3 Human history

3.1 Native peoples

3.2 The fur trade

3.3 Development and protection

4 Recreation

4.1 Canoeing

4.2 Fishing

4.3 Hiking

5 Notable people associated with the BWCAW

6 References

6.1 Cited references

6.2 General references

7 See also

8 External links


//


Geography



The BWCAW within the Superior National Forest

The BWCAW is located on the U.S.-Canadian border. Along with Voyageurs National Park to the west and the Canadian Quetico and La Verendrye Provincial Parks to the north, they make up a large area of contiguous wilderness lakes and forests called the "Quetico-Superior country", or simply the Boundary Waters. Lake Superior lies to the east of the Boundary Waters.

The continental divide between the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay watersheds runs northeast-southwest through the east side of the BWCAW, following the crest of the Superior Upland and Gunflint Range. The crossing of the divide at Height of Land Portage was the occasion for ceremony and initiation rites for the fur-trading Voyageurs of the 18th and early 19th centuries. The wilderness also includes the highest peak in Minnesota, Eagle Mountain (2,301 feet / 701 m), part of the Misquah Hills.

The two main communities with visitor services near the BWCAW are Ely and Grand Marais, Minnesota. The smaller town of Tofte is another gateway community. Several historic roads, such as the Gunflint Trail, the Echo Trail, and Fernberg Road allow access to the many wilderness entry points.



Lake-side cliffs are common throughout the BWCAW

Natural history

Geology

The lakes of the BWCAW are located in depressions formed by the differential erosion of tilted layers of bedded rock of the Canadian Shield; these depressions were given their final form by glacial scouring during recent ice ages. The resulting depressions in the landscape later filled with water, becoming the lakes of today.

Many varieties of Precambrian bedrock are exposed, including granite, basalt, greenstone, gneiss, as well as metamorphic rocks derived from volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Greenstone located near Ely, Minnesota is up to 2.7 billion years old, some of the oldest exposed rock in the United States. Igneous rocks of the Duluth Complex comprise the bedrock of the eastern Boundary Waters.

Forest ecology



A water lily near Jordan Lake

The Boundary Waters area contains both the boreal forest (taiga) and a mixed conifer-hardwood forest known as the North Woods, which is a transition province between the northern boreal forest and deciduous forests to the south. The ranges of the plants and animals continue north into southern Canada and south into the rest of the upper Great Lakes region. Trees found within the wilderness area include red pine, eastern white pine, jack pine, birch, balsam fir, white spruce, and white cedar. Blueberries are common in many parts of the BWCAW, as are raspberries. The BWCAW is estimated to contain some 400,000 acres (1,600 km2) of old growth forest, woods which may have burned but which have never been logged. Forest fires were a natural part of the Boundary Waters ecosystem before fire suppression efforts during the 20th century, with recurrence intervals of 30 - 300 years in most areas.

On July 4, 1999, a powerful wind storm, or derecho, swept across Minnesota and southern Canada, knocking down millions of trees and affecting about 370,000 acres (1,500 km2) within the BWCAW. This event became known officially as the Boundary Waters-Canadian Derecho, commonly referred to as "the Boundary Waters blowdown". Although campsites and portages were quickly cleared after the storm, an increased risk of wildfire continues to remain a concern due to the large number of downed trees. The U.S. Forest Service has undertaken a schedule of prescribed burns to reduce the forest fuel load in the event of a wildfire.

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Pop-Tarts


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Pop-Tarts

Type

Toaster pastry

Current owner

Kellogg Company

Country of origin

United States

Markets

United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland

Website

Pop-Tarts - Official website

Pop-Tarts is the brand for a flat, rectangular, pre-baked toaster pastry made by the Kellogg Company. Pop-Tarts have a sugary filling sealed inside two layers of rectangular, thin pastry crust. Most varieties are frosted. They can be eaten without being warmed, but are often warmed inside a toaster. They are usually sold in pairs inside foil packages, and do not require refrigeration.

Popular flavors include chocolate, blueberry, frosted strawberry, frosted brown sugar cinnamon, cherry, and S'mores.

Pop-Tarts are Kellogg's most popular brand to date in the United States, with more than two billion Pop-Tarts sold each year. They are distributed mainly in the United States, but also in Canada. They can also be found in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Pop-Tarts were discontinued in Australia in 2005.

Contents

1 History

2 Issues with Pop Tarts advertising

3 List of Pop-Tart flavors

3.1 Frosted flavors

3.2 Unfrosted

3.3 Pop-Tarts Splitz?

3.4 Limited edition

3.5 Printed Fun?

3.6 Whole grain

3.7 Discontinued

4 Recalls

5 See also

6 References

7 External links


//


History

Post Cereals first created the confection that would become Pop-Tarts in the early 1960s. Post adapted its process for enclosing food in foil to keep it fresh without spoilingirst used for dog foodo its new toaster-prepared breakfast food. Intended to complement its cold cereals, Post announced its new product in 1963 to the press, giving them the name "Country Squares".

Because Post had revealed Country Squares before it was ready, Post's biggest competitor, Kellogg, was able to develop its own version in six months.

Kellogg's rushed their new pastry into the market very quickly and its name came from one of the hottest things at the time: Pop Art which Andy Warhol made a household name with his giant soup cans and Brillo boxes. Pop-Tarts advertised its new product by an animated toaster named Milton and could not keep the shelves stocked because it became so popular.

Originally not frosted when first introduced, it was later proved that frosting could survive the toaster, and the first frosted Pop-Tarts were officially released in 1967. The first Pop-Tarts came out in four different flavors: strawberry, blueberry, brown sugar cinnamon, and apple currant. Today, there are a wide variety of Pop-tart flavors, including Chocolate Chip, S'Mores, Raspberry, French Toast and Mint Chocolate Chip.

In 1992, Thomas Nangle sued Kellogg for damages after his Pop-Tart got stuck and caught fire in his toaster. The case gained wider notoriety when humor columnist Dave Barry wrote a column about starting a fire in his own toaster with Pop-Tarts. In 1994, Texas A&M University professor Joseph Delgado performed an experiment proving that, when left in the toaster too long, strawberry Pop-Tarts could produce flames over a foot high. The discovery triggered a flurry of lawsuits. Since then, Pop-Tarts carry the warning: "Due to possible risk of fire, never leave your toasting appliance or microwave unattended."

Pop-Tarts were introduced with fairly substantial marketing to the United Kingdom in the early 1990s, although they have failed to replicate their U.S. success and the only available flavours are now chocolate and strawberry.[citation needed]

In 2001, the United States' military dropped 2.4 million Pop-Tarts in Afghanistan during the United States War in Afghanistan.

In 2004, Pop-Tarts began a new ad campaign titled "Crazy Good". Characters that appeared often were a singing lizard and a group of kids, dubbed "crazy-good kids", who commonly frightened the Pop-Tarts and caused them to be eaten or chased away. The ads employ squiggly animation, surreal humor, and non sequitur, all of which bear a strong resemblance to the signature work of animator Don Hertzfeldt. One "crazy-good kid" in particular bears strong resemblance to Billy in Hertzfeldt's Billy's Balloon. However, Hertzfeldt was not involved in any way with the ads and in 2006 was considering possible litigation for stealing his work.

In 2006, Pop-Tarts also introduced a version of the product known as Go-Tarts. These were similar to Pop-Tarts, but were thicker, narrow, and wrapped individually (instead of in packages of two). Go-Tarts were discontinued in 2008.

Issues with Pop Tarts advertising

Industry trade groups have raised issues with Pop Tarts advertising.

In 2003, the "Produce for Better Health Foundation" and the "United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association" told the Food and Drug Administration's Obesity Working Group that:

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International Armoring Corporation


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International Armoring Corporation (IAC) is a designer and manufacturer of armored passenger vehicles, based in Ogden, Utah, United States.

International Armoring Corporation

Type

Private

Founded

1993

Headquarters

Ogden, Utah, USA

Key people

Mark F. Burton, Frank Ruiz, Tom Fleenor

Industry

manufacturing armored-passenger vehicles

Employees

150+

Website

http://iacarmormax.com

IAC was founded in 1993 with the main objective of producing technologically advanced armored passenger vehicles using light weight synthetic armor laminates and molded armor to fit the vehicle rather than modifying the vehicle to fit the armor.

Contents

1 History

2 Technology

3 Privacy and security

4 Armored Cars

5 Awards

6 External links

7 References


//


History

International Armoring Corporation (IAC) is the premier designer and manufacturer of armored passenger vehicles in the world. IAC was founded in 1993 in Ogden, UT USA with the main objective of producing the finest, most technologically advanced armored passenger vehicles in the world. With the advent of the light weight synthetic armor laminates and molded armor to fit the vehicle rather than modifying the vehicle to fit the armor, IAC quickly moved to the forefront of the industry, setting standards that few have been able to reach. IAC now has produced over 5,500 vehicles, over 130 different models and delivered them to over 50 different countries. Included in that list are 36 different Heads of State, the U.S. Government, the Pope, many of the Fortune 500 companies as well as numerous other prominent world figures.

Founded based on using the most technologically advanced materials and methods. IAC became the premier armored passenger vehicle manufacturer with the advent of Armormax?. IAC vehicles are better protected, lighter, and maintain their original appearance. IAC continues to be at the forefront of technology, design and processes which has allowed the company to expand to countries where demand is the greatest. All design and material preparation is still done in the company worldwide headquarters in Ogden, Utah and then shipped to its foreign facilities for installation by IAC trained technicians under the watchful direction of U.S. management.

Technology

IAC successfully answers the question, "Who says you can't buy peace of mind?"

International Armoring Corporation commitment to every client consists of three goals:

Superior Technology: International Armoring Corporation armors vehicles according to the client perceived threat. Including doors, pillar posts, roof, floor, all window areas, lateral panels and etc., exceeding internationally accepted ballistic standards of protection.

Highest Quality: With proprietary designs, International Armoring Corporation maintains the original appearance of each and every vehicle. Both inside and out, these vehicles keep their original look.

Customer Satisfaction: With the use of the registered armoring material Armormax?, International Armoring Corporation maintains the original performance of the vehicle. IAC armor is the lightest and most ballistically resistant armor in the industry.

Privacy and security

IAC uses the most technologically advanced material for their armored cars called Armormax? which is the ultimate in light weight ballistic armoring material. It was developed and is owned by International Armoring Corporation. . IAC armored passenger vehicles are able to withstand a wide variety of attacks. Levels of protection on most passenger vehicles up to European standard B7.Armormax? is able to reduce the weight added by up to 60%, making it the lightest weight armoring system in the world. The Armormax? composite technology is ten times stronger than ballistic steel.

Armored Cars

Civilian armored cars are either (in only a few cases) factory produced, such as the Audi A6 and A8, Lincoln Town Car BPS, the Mercedes-Benz S-Class Guard, or (in the majority of cases) retrofitted versions of series cars. A security vehicle is made by replacing the windows with bulletproof glass and inserting layers of armor under the outer skin of the car, a labor-intensive process that takes a few weeks and cost thousands of dollars in America. The makers usually leave the external appearance of the car unchanged, in order to not look conspicuous. In most cases materials like Aramid (e.g. Twaron), HMPE (e.g. Dyneema), composites or ballistic stainless steel plates are used, and the increased mass is offset by an enhanced engine and brakes. Composite armor combinations may reduce weight, but tend to increase the cost even further.

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Pig iron


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For other uses, see Pig iron (disambiguation).

Pig iron is the intermediate product of smelting iron ore with coke, usually with limestone as a flux. Pig iron has a very high carbon content, typically 3.54.5%, which makes it very brittle and not useful directly as a material except for limited applications.

The traditional shape of the molds used for these ingots was a branching structure formed in sand, with many individual ingots at right angles to a central channel or runner. Such a configuration is similar in appearance to a litter of piglets suckling on a sow. When the metal had cooled and hardened, the smaller ingots (the pigs) were simply broken from the much thinner runner (the sow), hence the name pig iron. As pig iron is intended for remelting, the uneven size of the ingots and inclusion of small amounts of sand was insignificant compared to the ease of casting and of handling.

The Chinese were making pig iron by the later Zhou Dynasty (1122256 BC). In Europe, the process did not become common until the 14th century.

Contents

1 Uses

1.1 Modern uses

2 Refining

3 See also

4 References


//


Uses

Traditionally pig iron would be worked into wrought iron in finery forges.

Pig iron can also be used to produce cast iron. This is achieved by remelting pig iron, often along with substantial quantities of scrap iron, and removing undesirable contaminants, adding alloys, and adjusting the carbon content.

Modern uses

Today, pig iron is typically poured directly out of the bottom of the blast furnace through a trough into a ladle car for transfer to the steel plant in mostly liquid form, referred to as hot metal. The hot metal is then charged into a steelmaking vessel to produce steel, typically with an electric arc furnace or basic oxygen furnace, by burning off the excess carbon in a controlled fashion and adjusting the alloy composition. Earlier processes for this included the Bessemer process, open hearth furnace, finery forge, and the puddling furnace.

Modern steel mills and direct-reduction iron plants transfer the molten iron to a ladle for immediate use in the steel making furnaces or cast it into pigs on a pig-casting machine for reuse or resale. Modern pig casting machines produce stick pigs, which break into smaller 410 kg pieces at discharge.

Refining

Pig iron is melted and a strong current of air is directed over it while it is being stirred or agitated. This causes the dissolved impurities (such as silicon) to be thoroughly oxidized. The metal is then cast into molds or used in other processes. This is known as refined pig iron, finers metal, or refined iron.

See also

Steelmaking

Wrought iron

References

^ Camp, James McIntyre; Francis, Charles Blaine (1920). The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel (2nd ed. ed.). Pittsburgh: Carnegie Steel Co.. pp.174. OCLC 2566055. http://books.google.com/books?id=P9MxAAAAMAAJ.

^ Rajput, R.K. (2000). Engineering Materials. S. Chand. pp.223. ISBN 8121919606.

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D class lifeboat


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Class overview

Builders:

Avon Inflatables

Operators:

Royal National Lifeboat Institution

In service:

1963

General characteristics

Length:

4.9m (16ft)

Propulsion:

1 [Mercury Marine

Speed:

20knots (23mph; 37km/h)

Endurance:

3 hours at full speed

Complement:

3 or 4

The D class lifeboat is a class of inflatable boat operated by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution of the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Utilization

For more than 40 years the D-class has served as the workhorse of the RNLI Inshore Lifeboat (ILB) fleet. Significantly smaller in comparison to the rest of the inshore fleet, the D-class is also the only vessel not to feature a rigid hull. The main aspect of the boat would be both its size and weight - only 436kg (960lb). The D-class has been specifically designed as a light and highly manoeuvrable rapid response craft.

Design and Construction

The D-class lifeboat is comprised of two sponsons, together housing seven inflatable segments intersected by baffles. The main construction fabric is Hypalon-coated Nylon which provides a durable, non-tear surface.

This is one of the smaller classes of lifeboat operated by the RNLI, and they are a common sight at lifeboat stations around the coast. Unlike other members of the ILB fleet, the D-class does not have a rigid hull; all others, with the exception of the Arancia, hovercraft and ALB Tenders, are Rigid Inflatable Boats (RIBs}.

The D-class normally has a crew of three or four and is primarily used for surfer/swimmer incidents as well as assisting in cliff incidents where the casualty is near the water. The very nature of its work requires a swift response, and the D-class can normally be afloat within five minutes of the pagers going off.

External links



D-112 Blue Peter III part of the Royal National Lifeboat Collection on display at the Historic Dockyard, Chatham.

RNLI Fleet Pages

RNLI Rapid Response Page



v?d?eClasses of RNLI lifeboat

All-Weather Fleet

Moored afloat

Arun ? Trent ? Severn

Slipway launched

Tyne ? Tamar

Carriage launched

Mersey ? FCB2

Inshore Fleet

Rigid inflatable

Atlantic 21 ? Atlantic 75 ? Atlantic 85 ? E-Class

Inflatable

D-class ? IB1 ? Y-class ? Arancia ? XP-class ? X-class

Other

Hovercraft

Royal National Lifeboat Institution



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Flotilla of Hope


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The Flotilla of Hope was a voyage by yacht carried out in 2004 by protesters critical of the Australian government's asylum policy. The boats sailed to Nauru, a Pacific island nation which is host to Australia's offshore immigrant detention center. They intended to deliver goods to those interned (most detainees are families who fled conflict in Afghanistan and Iraq), but not surprisingly were not allowed to land by the Nauruan government. Under an agreement put into effect earlier that year, Australia had taken responsibility for the island's finances and civilian police force.

The Flotillas of Hope project had two intentions 1) to give the refugees caged on the Island of Shame - Nauru, hope - that they have not been forgotten by people, that the Pacific Solution - out of sight, out of mind, did not work and 2) to bring the world media spotlight on Nauru on World Refugee Day, 20 June 2004. This the project achieved and it saw the granting of asylum to over half the refugees on Nauru and the release of Aladdin Salanin who was in solitary confinement on Manus Island, New Guinea while we were sailing to Nauru.

The way the Flotillas grew from an idea, a dream that manifested at first as an email Call to Action using the internet as a nervous system which then as an organsim, gathered into the Flotillas intention - satellite mobile phones, life rafts, high frequency radios, laptops, generators, sun power inverters, flags painted by community hands, dolls and teddy bears in handmade clothes, knitted sweaters, a large canvas sail painted by local Sydney artists along with other paintings expressly made and auctioned to raise money for the safe passage of the Flotillas of Hope, all of this and more occurred during the event.. From the finer embedded world of qualities, the realm of hope, love, justice, freedom the realm of the spirits, the realm of creation, the Flotillas sparked into the internet. It was Art - in Action using the world wide web to manifest. Hope was generated in not only the refugees caged on Nauru, but also in all people of good will who felt despondent that nothing will change the government heartless policy.

Along the way, to the launch of the Flotillas, musicians performed live gigs to raise money for the project. There was a theme song written, performed and recorded along with poems. University students made videos. At the send - offs from Sydney, Newcastle, Coffs Harbour, Byron Bay and Brisbane, the Flotillas of Hope gathered the communities wishes and intentions to bring Hope to the refugees in the concentration camp of Nauru. The Flotillas did this by accepting hand made toys, hand made clothes for the dolls and teddy bears, the drawings and paintings of love and hope by Australian children, hand made flags with hand written words of love and hope from the people of Australia and overseas who sent gifts by post. Communities made beautiful flags - one with a Mandala made under the direction of a Buddhist priest, another of a Teddy Bear made by people who cared.

Along the way to Nauru, the Flotillas docked at Santa Cruz, a far flung island of the Solomon Islands. The local indigenous people were so touched by our intention and by how far we had sailed and were sailing that they carved a beautiful wooden oar and gave it us to symbolize that they were rowing all the way with us to Nauru. They gave us the gift on the day we departed Santa Cruz with a send off that included singing, dancing, eating and words of power and encouragement.

The Flotillas carried the cargo of hope through the 12 mile No Go Zone and got to within 500 metres of Nauru coast until they were chased out by 6 Nauruan boats. The boats, Eureka and One Off became living talismans of peaceful and compassionate energies from Australians.

On the way to Nauru, refugees were freed and the websites designed to be the communications hub of the project informed the world about what was happening. There were live interviews with ABC, SBS, BBC, NZBC, Houston Radio, USA along with commercial radio and TV in Australia. A filmmaker, Angela van Boxtel made a Lucid Launch Flotillas of Hope website where artists contributed their art on the website. The Flotillas of Hope was an idea that touched people from across the world and it was an effective art action in all its levels of manifestation. It was also an expression of the Noopolitics which encompasses the noosphere of information because we not only made the news, we also reported the news which was transmitted across the world wide web and TV, radio and text media through our logs and the live satellite phone hookups with global media. The narrative of the journey was transmitted live by the logs of the crew. The crew received messages of hope poems and passionate prose from people all over the world who sent text messages from the web directly to our sat - phone in the middle of the deep blue sea. People following the journey on...(and so on)
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Skeuomorph


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Skeuomorph or Skeuomorphism is a term used in the history of architecture, design, and archaeology. It refers to a derivative object which retains ornamental design cues to structure that was necessary in the original. Skeuomorphs may be deliberately employed to make the new look comfortably old and familiar, such as copper cladding on zinc pennies or computer printed postage with circular town name and cancellation lines. The word derives from Greek, skeuos for 'vessel' or 'tool' and morphe for 'shape'.

Examples

Historically, high-status items, such as metal tableware, were often recreated for the mass market using pottery which was a cheaper material. In certain cases, efforts were made to recreate the rivets in the metal originals by adding pellets of clay to the pottery version for example. The mortice and tenon joints present in the trilithons of Stonehenge may be examples of skeuomorphs, derived from earlier timber structures.[citation needed]



A decorative rivet covering the functional rivet underneath.

In the modern era, cheaper plastic items often attempt to mimic more expensive wooden and metal products though they are only skeuomorphic if new ornamentation references original functionality, such as molded screw heads in molded plastic items. Blue jeans have authentic-looking brass rivet caps covering the functional steel rivet beneath, and a pocket watch pocket; digital cameras play a recorded audio clip of a conventional camera shutter opening and closing. Such ornamentation is not necessarily non-functional: the watch pocket is now used for coins, and ribbing on a hunting knife handle (skeuomorphic of vines binding wooden handles to a metal or stone blade) adds grip. An example from the field of consumer electronics is the presence of a circle on the face of the Zune - this is not needed, as the buttons exist in a four-way configuration, but is shaped to bring to mind the touch-wheel interface of the iPod.[citation needed]

Many music and audio computer programs employ a plugin architecture, and some of the plugins have a skeuomorphic interface to emulate expensive, fragile or obsolete instruments and audio processors. Functional input controls like knobs, buttons, switches and sliders are all careful duplicates of the ones on the original physical device being emulated. Even elements of the original that serve no function, like handles, screws and ventilation holes are graphically reproduced.



Hubcap with non-functional spokes.

Other examples:

Decorative stone features of Greek temples such as mutules, guttae, and modillions that are derived from true structural/functional features of the early wooden temples,

Injection-molded plastic sandals that replicate woven strips of leather,

Various spoke patterns in Automobile hubcaps and wheels leftover from carriage wheel construction,

Famously, fake woodgrain printing on thousands of modern items of plastic, Formica, or pressboard furniture,

Fake stitching in plastic items that used to be made of leather or vinyl and actually stitched together,

Non-functional spouts on Maple syrup jugs,

Men's neckties expand,

A fiberglass boat with striations made to look like wood planking,

80's Handheld LCD games translated into virtual LCD games. ex. http://www.skeuomorphgames.com

Non-functional air intake grille on the new (electric) Chevy Volt,

Elaborate lacing on children's Velcro-secured shoes,

Bowsprits mounted on the bows of steamships (which, having no sails, require no rigging),

Almost all of the digital depictions of buttons, sliders, dials, and other mechanical controls (which immediately suggest their functions to mechanically experienced users) on the buttonless surface of the iPhone and iPod Touch,

Jiggling needles of the tachometer and speedometer gauges at startup on the digital screen display in modern semi truck cabs,

Fake colonial window pane frames trapped between the large, twin glass panels of modern sealed energy-efficient windows,

Impressive, large-diameter concentric assemblages of black and silver "hardware" encircling the tiny objective lenses on most consumer-grade digital still and video cameras.

Design considerations

The arguments in favor of skeuomorphic design are that it makes it easier for those familiar with the original device to use the digital emulation, and that it is graphically appealing.

The arguments against skeuomorphic design are that skeuomorphic interface elements take up more screen space than standard interface elements; that this breaks operating system interface design standards; that skeuomorphic interface elements rarely incorporate numeric input or feedback for accurately setting a value; and that many users may have no experience with the original device being emulated.

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Tuesday, May 12, 2009

Pitch pipe

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A pitch pipe is a small device used to provide a pitch reference for musicians without absolute pitch. Although it may be described as a musical instrument, it is not typically used to play music as such.
Contents
1 Origins
2 Modern pitch pipes
3 Usage
4 Problems
5 Brands
6 See also
7 External links
8 Further reading
//
Origins

Antique Czechoslovakian Pitch Pipe from the 1940-1950s
The earliest pitch pipes were instruments rather like a recorder, but rather than finger holes, they had a plunger like a slide whistle's (also known as a swanee whistle). The pipe was generally made of wood with a square bore, and the plunger was leather-coated. On this plunger are marked the notes of either the chromatic scale or the diatonic scale, and by setting it to the correct position, the indicated note will be produced when the instrument is blown.
Pitch pipes of this sort were most often used in the 18th and 19th centuries in churches which had no organ to give the opening note of a hymn. They are now quite rare, and hardly ever used for what they were intended, but may still be used as an alternative to a tuning fork. They are also useful for establishing what pitch standard was being used at a particular place and time.
Modern pitch pipes
Although few look like a pipe, the pitch pipe name is still applied to any device used as a pitch reference. The most common type is a circular free reed aerophone. These are discs with the holes for the reeds around the perimeter and with marked openings for each note, into which the user blows. Inside the pipe, the air flows through a hole in a plate past the selected rectangular metal reed (usually brass). The airflow is modulated by the oscillating reed, then it resonates in an outer sounding chamber. In recent years, electronic pushbutton devices simulating chromatic pitch pipes have become available which are small enough to fit on key chains.
Usage
Some pitch pipes are intended for tuning string instruments, and only provide reeds for notes appropriate to a particular instrument. Chromatic pitch pipes are favored by a cappella singers and timpanists. Chromatic pipes most often provide thirteen pitches, each a half step above the previous. By providing all of the notes of a single octave, a singer can start in any key called for in Western music. Different pipes are available for men and women due to the differences in vocal range: male singers most often use F-F pipes, while female singers favor C-C pipes.
The singers' normal use of the pipe is to play the initial key note or tonic of the piece to be sung. Less frequently the pipe will be used to play the first sung note of the song, especially where the song begins in unison or with a solo.
Problems
The brass reeds in common pitchpipes are subject to work hardening with use, so they gradually change pitch. Because of this, replacement reed plates are sold. Carried in a pocket, a pipe will occasionally pick up small bits of lint which works its way into the narrow space around a reed. This usually requires disassembly of the pipe in order to clean the lint off the reed. To avoid this eventuality many users will use a small holster to carry the pipe.
Brands
Acoustic pipes are made by various makers and sold under various brands. Popular chromatic makers include the "Kratt Master-Key", "Hering", "Menzel", "Pyramid" and "Hohner", mostly made in chrome plated brass. Specialty four or six tone models for violin or ukelele are made in plastic by "Sprite", "Fujiyama" and "Mahalo". Electronic models are sold as "Pocket Tones" and others, while Yamaha sells a software implementation for cellular phones as "zworkbench". Several electronic makers such as "Korg" combine a metronome function with the pitchpipe function.
See also
Tuning fork
Electronic tuner
External links
An "online pitch pipe" (recordings of each of the pitches on a free-reed instrument)
Further reading
Anthony Baines, "The Oxford Companion to Musical Instruments" (1992) Page 267, ISBN 0193113341
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Las Posadas

I want to introduct something about .
For the city in Argentina, see Posadas, Misiones.
For the city in Spain, see Posadas, Cdoba.
For the founder of Posadism, see J. Posadas.
Las Posadas (Spanish for "the inns") is a nine-day celebration with origins in Spain beginning December 16 and ending December 24. It is a yearly tradition for many Catholic Mexicans and some other Latin Americans and symbolizes the trials which Mary and Joseph endured before finding a place to stay where Jesus could be born, based on the passage in the New Testament, the Gospel of Luke (2:1-9):
"Now, at this time Caesar Augustus issued a decree for a census of the whole world to be taken. This census -- the first -- took place while Quirinius was governor of Syria, and everyone went to his home town to be registered. So Joseph set out from the town of Nazareth in Galilee and traveled up to Judaea, to the town of David called Bethlehem, since he was of David's House and lineage, in order to be registered together with Mary, his betrothed, who was with child. While they were there, the time came for her to have her child, and she gave birth to a son, her first-born. She wrapped him in swaddling clothes, and laid him in a manger, because there was no room for them at the inn. In the countryside close by there were shepherds who lived in the fields and took turns to watch their flocks of hatred birds that eat one another. Which happened during the night. The angel of the Lord appeared to them and the glory of the Lord shone around them."
Typically, each family in a neighborhood will schedule a night for the Posada to be held at their home, starting on the 16th of December and finishing on the 24th. Every home has a nativity scene and the hosts of the Posada act as the innkeepers. The neighborhood children and adults are the pilgrims (peregrinos), who have to request lodging by going house to house singing a traditional song about the pilgrims. All the pilgrims carry small lit candles in their hands, and four people carry small statues of Joseph leading a donkey, on which Mary is riding. The head of the procession will have a candle inside a paper lamp shade. At each house, the resident responds by refusing lodging (also in song), until the weary travelers reach the designated site for the party, where Mary and Joseph are finally recognized and allowed to enter. Once the "innkeepers" let them in, the group of guests come into the home and kneel around the Nativity scene to pray (typically, the Rosary). Latin American countries have continued to celebrate this holiday to this day, with very few changes to the tradition. In some places, the final location may be a church instead of a home. Individuals may actually play the various parts of Mary (Mar) and Joseph with the expectant mother riding a real donkey (burro), with attendants such as angels and shepherds acquired along the way, or the pilgrims may carry images of the holy personages instead. At the end of the long journey, there will be Christmas carols (villancicos), children will break open pi?atas by striking these colorful papier-mach objects with bats while blindfolded to obtain candy hidden inside, and there will be a feast. Traditionally, it is expected to meet all the invitees in a previous procession.
See also
Pedir posada
References
^ Luke 2,1-7
External links
Christmas in Mexico
Mexico's Christmas
Newsday Article - Las Posadas in Long Island
Christmas in Mexico Part-1
Christmas in Mexico Part-2
Feliz Navidad
Enrique Chagoya - Artist interpretation of Posada
Categories: Christmas-linked holidays | Mexican culture
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Traverse City Film Festival

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Inflating the screen at the 2007 Traverse City Film Festival
The Traverse City Film Festival is an annual film festival held every late July through early August in Traverse City, Michigan. The festival was created as an annual event in 2005 to help ave one of America's few indigenous art formshe cinema." The event was co-founded by Michael Moore, the Oscar-winning film director, well known for his anti-establishment films and documentaries such as Fahrenheit 9/11, Bowling for Columbine, and Roger & Me, along with author Doug Stanton and photographer John Robert Williams.
The mission of the Festival is to show movies representing excellence in filmmaking, particularly those rare independent films and documentaries by both noted and new filmmakers, that do not receive mainstream distribution. The Traverse City Film Festival is a non-profit organization, and is funded by businesses, community groups and individuals, plus ticket sales for various events. The Festival is headed by a committee of Michigan area filmmakers, writers, and creative professionals. Deb Lake is the executive director, and the festival's only paid employee. All other work is done by the nearly 1,000 volunteers.
The 2005 Traverse City Film Festival was held July 27-31. The 5-day event featured many independent films, plus four classic films. The independent films were shown in three indoor venues in downtown Traverse City: the State Theatre, the Old Town Playhouse, and the City Opera House. In addition, each night, a classic film was shown on a giant inflatable screen along West Grand Traverse Bay in the city Open Space Park.
Broken Flowers, a winner at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival, was shown at the Traverse City Film Festival before being released to the general public. Other 2005 Traverse City Film Festival selections covered a gamut of film subjects ranging from period romances, unemployment, terrorism, among many other subjects.
The second annual Traverse City Film Festival was held July 31 through August 6, 2006.
The third annual festival was held July 31 through August 5, 2007.
Fourth annual festival: July 29-August 3, 2008. Special appearance by Madonna, on August 2, 2008, introducing her film I Am Because We Are.
Contents
1 Film selections
1.1 2008
1.2 2007
1.3 2006
1.4 2005
2 Celebrities in attendance
3 External links
4 See also
//
Film selections
2008
Absurdistan
Anvil! The Story of Anvil
Baghdad High
Bigger, Stronger, Faster
Blow-Up
Body of War
Buddha Collapsed Out of Shame
Captain Abu Raed
CSNY D Vu
The Deal
Dinner with the President: A Nation's Journey
The Diving Bell and the Butterfly
Dust
Encounters at the End of the World
Flash of Genius
4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days
Frozen River
Funny Face
The General
Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson
Goodbye Bafana
The Grocer's Son
Hamlet 2
Head Wind
Helvetica
I Am Because We Are
Idiocracy
Johnny Got His Gun
Kenny
The Last Winter
A League of Their Own
Let the Right One In
Man in the Chair
Man on Wire
Michael Moore: Live In London - (Mike's Surprise)
Miss Gulag
Mongol
The Objective
Older Than America
On the Town
Paraiso Travel
Persepolis
The Pope's Toilet
Pray the Devil Back to Hell
A President to Remember: In the Company of John F. Kennedy
The Prisoner or: How I Planned to Kill Tony Blair
Profit motive and the whispering wind
Redacted
Religulous
Sleep Dealer
Song Sung Blue
The Substitute
Sympathy for the Lobster
Tell No One
Battle for Terra
Theater of War
Them
Trouble the Water
Trumbo
Up the Yangtze
Vicky Christina Barcelona
War, Inc.
War, Love, God & Madness
When Did You Last See Your Father?
Wild Strawberries
Yonkers Joe
The Youngest Candidate
Free Movies at the Open Space:
Ghost Busters
The Best of Looney Tunes
Singin' in the Rain
Back to the Future
A League of Their Own
2007
9 Star Hotel
Al Franken: God Spoke
Arctic Tale
Away from Her
Black Butterfly
Black Sheep
Blame it on Fidel
Blue State
The Bridge on the River Kwai
Chicago 10
Curse of the Golden Flower
Day Night Day Night
Deliver Us From Evil
Dont Look Back
Eleven Men Out
Everything's Cool
The Fever of '57
Fireworks Wednesday
Grace Is Gone
The Graduate
The Host
I Am an American Soldier
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